Inefficiencies in Public Electricity Provision and Impacts on Firms in Karachi’s Manufacturing Sector

The private costs of electricity supply failures are substantial and inimical to industrial productivity. Using results from a small sample survey of manufacturing firms in Karachi, the study documented the causes, extent and incidence of the failures, identified and classified the firms’ private responses, and estimated the capital share of internally produced power and the associated costs. The results are reported here to engender discussion for developing a policy model of infrastructure provision suited to a developing country like Pakistan. The most encouraging options are those that allow for cooperative provision amongst firms with concurrent reforms in the regulatory and institutional environments. An optimal policy will allow inter-firm trading of electricity making the power market competitive. Those firms that already have extensive private generating capacity due to weak public supply will realise scale economies by selling electric power to lower the costs of private provision. Competition in electricity supply implies that industrial users will find attractive substitutes in the private sector. This will lead to a reduction in the demand on public service, already limited in quantity and quality in key urban-industrial locations like Karachi.

Geometrical design of stand pipe air distributors for the combustion of municipal solid waste in a fluidised bed

The new geometrical design of stand-pipe air distributor for the combustion of the municipal solid waste was presented. The new design of the air distributors enables penetration of incombustible and unburnt carbon through opening between the air distributors, thus providing easy maintenance work. The fluidized bed experimental rig was constructed using Perspex column in which air was supplied through the distributors below it. In order to establish the final geometrical design of the air distributors, several design parameters were investigated. The effect of orifice size, distance between orifice and distance between distributor pipes on the fluidization behaviour were studied. Investigation on the effects of various orifice sizes of 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm showed that the 3 mm orifice size exhibited the most stable fluidization behaviour. Investigation on some selected orifice distances of 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm also found that the 10 mm orifice distance exhibited stable growths of bubbles. Various pipe distances of 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 60 mm and 70 mm were also investigated and the most suitable pipe distance was 70 mm

Families of pure PEPS with efficiently simulatable local hidden variable models for most measurements

An important problem in quantum information theory is to understand what makes entangled quantum systems non-local or hard to simulate efficiently. In this work we consider situations in which various parties have access to a restricted set of measurements on their particles, and construct entangled quantum states that are essentially classical for those measurements. In particular, given any set of local measurements on a large enough Hilbert space whose dual strictly contains (i.e. contains an open neighborhood of) a pure state, we use the PEPS formalism and ideas from generalized probabilistic theories to construct pure multiparty entangled states that have (a) local hidden variable models, and (b) can be efficiently simulated classically. We believe that the examples we construct cannot be efficiently classically simulated using previous techniques. Without the restriction on the measurements, the states that we construct are non-local, and in some proof-of-principle cases are universal for measurement based quantum computation.This work was supported by EPSRC grant EP/K022512/1.This work was supported by EPSRC grant EP/K022512/1

Sistem Sentralisasi Kepolisian Indonesia dalam Pradigma Good Governance

Keberadaan lembaga kepolisian dalam suatu negara mutlak diperlukan. Tidak ada satu pun negara di dunia ini yang tidak mempunyai lembaga kepolisian. Namun demikian, antara satu lembaga kepolisian pada suatu negara belum tentu menggunakan sistem kepolisian yang sama pula dikarenakan adanya pengaruh dari faktor sistem politik/pemerintahan yang dianut serta mekanisme sistem kontrol sosial yang berlaku dalam negara tersebut. Bahkan dengan sistem pemerintahan yang sama-sama menganut paham demokratis pun, belum tentu menggunakan sistem kepolisian yang sama. Sebagaimana diketahui secara universal hingga kini yaitu di dalam negara-negara demokratis terdapat tiga sistem kepolisian yang digunakan, yaitu Sistem Kepolisian Terpisah (Fragmented System of Policing), Sistem Kepolisian Terpusat (Centralized System of Policing) dan Sistem Kepolisian Terpadu (Integrated System of Policing). Oleh karena itulah dalam praktik kepolisian dipandang perlu untuk menelaah lebih lanjut terkait dengan berbagai kelemahan maupun kelebihan dimaksud melalui suatu metode perbandingan antar sistem kepolisian dalam rangka mendapatkan pemahaman secara integral tentang perbedaan yang terdapat antara suatu sistem kepolisian pada suatu negara tertentu dengan sistem kepolisian negara lain. Sistem kepolisian di Indonesia menggunakan paradigma Centralized System of Policing, yaitu suatu sistem kepolisian yang terpusat di mana sistem kepolisian berada di bawah kendali atau pengawasan langsung oleh pemerintah pusat. Sistem ini dahulunya dianut oleh sistem pemerintahan yang totaliter seperti Jerman pada era Nazi. Outcome yang hendak dicapai dari hasil perbandingan sistem kepolisian dimaksud antara lain agar dapat diambil suatu manfaat dari suatu sistem kepolisian negara tertentu bagi negara lainnya, antara lain berupa penataan dan pengembangan organisasi (organizational development) serta pengembangan potensi kerjasama kerjasama antar lembaga kepolisian beberapa negara

"Measures of the Real GDP of US Trading Partners: Methodology and Results"

This paper provides the details of the construction of new quarterly measures of the real GDPs of the 36 US trading partners that are taken into consideration by the Federal Reserve in its "broad exchange rate" indexes. These new measures have some important advantages. First, they allow the construction of various income aggregates and sub-aggregates, which makes it possible, for example, to match the Federal Reserve's "broad," "major-currency," and "other important" trading partner effective exchange rates and, more broadly, to discuss the geographical and geopolitical determinants of US trade. Second, they allow the construction of variants of the two different types of measures that are utilized in the literature, namely direct and export-share-weighted sums of trading-partner real GDPs. Finally, given that our new measures of GDP for these countries can be directly compared to each other, they can be of interest for other researchers who need a consistent dataset on a quarterly basis.

Hak Mewaris Anak Angkat Dalam Persfektif Hukum Waris Adat Sasak (Studi Di Kecamatan Sembalun Kabupaten Lombok Timur Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat)

This Journal written to discuss the inheritance of adopted children is being by custom, in this case is the Sasak indigenous, in District Sembalun East Lombok regency, West Nusa Tenggara province. The purpose of this study, to understand, analyze and find the factors behind Sasak indigenous do adoptions and the child adopted inherit rights in perspective of Sasaknese customary law particularly in Sub Sembalun East Lombok West Nusa Tenggara province. The method used in this thesis is empirical legal research. The approach used is approach Sociology of law. The results showed that the adoption of children in Sasak indigenous being to children who come from families or relatives and are not members of the family. This is due to reasons other than the removal of a child to get a descent is also guided by a sense of humanity and child\u27s welfare. The process of adoption was done by Sasak indigenous people with ceremonies that name was ‘begawe\u27 or ‘roah\u27 ceremony. Kinship of the adopted child to his biological parents is not interrupted even though he entered to adopted parents. The Position of adopted child in a family of adoptive parents is a biological child, thereby functioning as a continuer descent and serves as the heir and aligned his position with biological children. Thus the provisions adopted children inherit the heirloom adoptive parents including inheritance. Instead, the adopted child is not entitled to inherit from parents who are treasure doe tengaq is inheritance from parents who was not divided heir to the brother. And adopted children entitled to inherit the legacy of his biological parents